Isifinyezo
Ukuhlaziywa kukhomba ukuthi izici ezithinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-ivalvuikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa nokulondolozwa kwama-valve, ukwakheka kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi, ukulawulwa kwe-vulcanization yama-pad erabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, ukusebenza kwenqubo kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza, ukulungiswa kwe-nozzle yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-vulcanization yama-tube angaphakathi, njll., ngokuphathwa kahle nokulondolozwa kwama-valve, ukulawulwa kokwakheka kwe-compound ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi, ukuzinza kwezimo ze-vulcanization yama-pad erabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, ukusebenza kwenqubo okuqinile kanye nokugcinwa kwemvelo, ukulungiswa kwe-nozzle yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-vulcanization yama-tube angaphakathi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenqubo Isimo kanye nezinye izinyathelo zingathuthukisa ukunamathelana phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi ye-tube yangaphakathi.
1. Umphumela nokulawulwa kokwelashwa nokugcinwa kwe-valve nozzle ekunamatheleni
Iivalvu yethayiiyingxenye ebalulekile yepayipi elingaphakathi. Ngokuvamile lenziwe ngethusi futhi lixhunywe esidumbu sepayipi elingaphakathi lonke ngephedi yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi. Ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kokuphepha kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo yepayipi elingaphakathi, ngakho-ke kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukunamathelana kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezijwayelekile. Enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kwepayipi elingaphakathi, ngokuvamile kudlula ezinqubweni ezifana nokukhahlela i-valve, ukukhuhla, ukomisa, ukulungiswa kwephedi yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, iphedi yerabha kanye ne-valve vulcanization esikhumbeni esifanayo, njll. Shayela iglue, uyomise bese uyilungisa epayipini lepayipi elingaphakathi elinezimbobo kuze kube yilapho ipayipi elingaphakathi elifanelekile livulcanized. Kusukela enkambisweni yokukhiqiza, kungahlaziywa ukuthi izici ezithinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve zifaka phakathi ukucubungula nokulondolozwa kwe-valve, ukwakheka kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi, ukulawulwa kwe-vulcanization yephedi yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, ukusebenza kwenqubo kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza, irabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi. Ngokuphathelene nokulungiswa kwamaphedi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwepayipi langaphakathi, izinyathelo ezifanayo zingathathwa ukulawula izici ezithonya ezingenhla, futhi ekugcineni kufezwe injongo yokuthuthukisa ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yepayipi langaphakathi.
1.1 Izinto ezithonyayo
Izici ezithinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwevalvu kanye nomlomo wangaphakathi zihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwezinto zethusi zokucubungula ivalvu, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokucubungula, kanye nokucubungula nokulondoloza ivalvu ngaphambi kokusebenzisa.
Izinto zethusi zokucubungula ivalvu ngokuvamile zikhetha ithusi elinokuqukethwe kwethusi okungu-67% kuya ku-72% kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-zinc okungu-28% kuya ku-33%. Ivalvu ecutshungulwe ngalolu hlobo lokwakheka inokunamathela okungcono erabheni. . Uma okuqukethwe kwethusi kudlula u-80% noma kungaphansi kuka-55%, ukunamathela ekwakhiweni kwerabha kuncishiswa kakhulu.
Kusukela ezintweni zethusi kuya ku-valve eqediwe, idinga ukudlula ekusikeni kwebha yethusi, ekushiseni okushisa okuphezulu, ekunyatheliseni, ekupholiseni, ekushicileleni kanye nezinye izinqubo, ngakho-ke kukhona ukungcola okuthile noma ama-oxide ebusweni be-valve eqediwe; uma i-valve eqediwe ipakwe isikhathi eside kakhulu noma umswakama ozungezile Uma inkulu kakhulu, izinga lokushiswa komhlaba lizokhula kakhulu.
Ukuze kususwe ukungcola noma ama-oxide ebusweni bevalvu eqediwe, ivalvu kumele ifakwe ukwakheka okucacisiwe (ngokuvamile i-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid, amanzi acwengekile noma amanzi angenawo amaminerali) kanye nesixazululo se-asidi egxilile isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Uma ukwakheka kanye nokuhlushwa kwesixazululo se-asidi kanye nesikhathi sokucwilisa kungahlangabezani nezidingo ezicacisiwe, umphumela wokwelashwa kwevalvu ungase wonakale.
Khipha ivalvu ehlungwe nge-asidi bese uhlanza i-asidi ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Uma isisombululo se-asidi singalungiswanga kahle noma singahlanzwa kahle, sizothinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwevalvu kanye nenhlanganisela yerabha.
Yomisa ivalvu ehlanziwe ngethawula, njll., bese uyibeka kuhhavini ukuze yome ngesikhathi. Uma ivalvu yevalvu ephathwe nge-asidi iveziwe futhi igcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwesikhathi esibekiwe enkambisweni, kuzokwenzeka ukusabela kwe-oxidation ebusweni bevalvu, futhi kulula ukubuyisa umswakama noma ukunamathela othulini, uwoyela, njll.; uma ingasulwanga kahle, izoba ebusweni bevalvu ngemva kokoma. Yakha amabala amanzi futhi ithinte ukunamathelana phakathi kwevalvu nerabha; uma ukoma kungaphelele, umswakama osele ebusweni bevalvu uzothinta nokunamathelana kwevalvu.
Ivalvu eyomile kufanele igcinwe kumshini wokukhipha amanzi ukuze igcine ubuso bevalvu bomile. Uma umswakama wendawo yokugcina uphezulu kakhulu noma isikhathi sokugcina side kakhulu, ubuso bevalvu bungase bube nomswakama oxutshwe noma ofakwe emanzini, okuzothinta ukunamathela kwenhlanganisela yerabha.
1.2 Izindlela zokulawula
Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa ukulawula izici ezithonya ezibalwe ngenhla:
(1) Sebenzisa izinto zethusi ezinamathele kahle erabheni ukuze ucubungule ivalvu, futhi izinto zethusi ezinokuqukethwe kwethusi okungaphezu kuka-80% noma ngaphansi kuka-55% azikwazi ukusetshenziswa.
(2) Qiniseka ukuthi ama-valve e-batch efanayo kanye nencazelo enziwe ngezinto ezifanayo, futhi enze ukusika, izinga lokushisa lokushisa, ingcindezi yokunyathela, isikhathi sokupholisa, imishini, indawo yokupaka kanye nesikhathi kuhambisane, ukuze kuncishiswe ushintsho lwezinto kanye nenqubo yokucubungula. Ukuncipha kokunamathela kwezinto.
(3) Khulisa amandla okuthola ivalvu, ngokuvamile ngokwesilinganiso sokusampula esingu-0.3%, uma kukhona okungajwayelekile, isilinganiso sokusampula singandiswa.
(4) Gcina ukwakheka kanye nesilinganiso sesisombululo se-asidi sokwelashwa kwe-asidi ye-valve kuzinzile, futhi ulawule isikhathi sokucwilisa i-valve esixazululweni esisha se-asidi kanye nesisombululo se-asidi esisetshenziswe kabusha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-valve iphathwe kahle.
(5) Hlanza ivalvu ehlungwe nge-asidi ngamanzi, uyomise ngethawula noma ngendwangu eyomile engasusi udoti, bese uyibeka kuhhavini ukuze yome ngesikhathi.
(6) Ngemva kokomisa, amavalvu kufanele ahlolwe ngalinye ngalinye. Uma isisekelo sihlanzekile futhi sicwebezela, futhi kungekho daka lamanzi elibonakalayo, kusho ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyafaneleka, futhi kufanele kugcinwe emshinini wokomisa, kodwa isikhathi sokugcina akufanele sidlule amahora angu-36; uma isisekelo sevalvu siluhlaza okotshani, umbala ophuzi omnyama neminye imibala, noma amadaka noma amadaka amanzi asobala, kusho ukuthi ukwelashwa akuphelele, futhi kudingeka ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe.
2. Ithonya nokulawula ifomula yeglue ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi ekunamatheleni
2.1 Izinto ezithonyayo
Ithonya lefomula ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi yerabha ekunamatheleni kwe-ivalvu yerabhakubonakala kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
Uma ifomula ye-nozzle yangaphakathi iqukethe okuqukethwe okuphansi kweglue kanye nama-filler amaningi, ukugeleza kwerabha kuzoncishiswa; uma uhlobo kanye nohlobo lwe-accelerators kungakhethwanga kahle, kuzothinta ngqo ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve; i-Zinc oxide ingathuthukisa ukunamathela kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi, kodwa uma usayizi wezinhlayiya mkhulu kakhulu futhi okuqukethwe kokungcola kuphakeme kakhulu, ukunamathelana kuzoncipha; uma i-sulfur e-nozzle yangaphakathi ivuvukala, izobhubhisa ukusabalala okufanayo kwe-sulfur e-nozzle yangaphakathi, okunciphisa ukunamathelana kobuso berabha.
Uma imvelaphi kanye neqoqo lerabha eluhlaza esetshenziswa ku-inner nozzle compound ishintsha, ikhwalithi ye-compound agent ingazinzile noma imvelaphi ishintsha, i-raber compound inesikhathi esifushane sokusha, i-plasticity ephansi, kanye nokuxubana okungalingani ngenxa yezizathu zokusebenza, konke okuzobangela i-inner nozzle compound. Ikhwalithi iyashintshashintsha, okuthiya ukunamathelana phakathi kwerabha ye-inner nozzle kanye ne-valve.
Uma kwenziwa ifilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, uma inani lezikhathi zokucwenga ukushisa linganele futhi i-thermoplasticity iphansi, ifilimu ekhishweyo izoba engazinzile ngobukhulu, ibe nkulu ngokunwebeka futhi iphansi nge-plasticity, okuzothinta ukugeleza kwenhlanganisela yerabha futhi kunciphise amandla okunamathela; uma ifilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi idlula Isikhathi sokugcina esichazwe yinqubo sizobangela ukuqandisa kwefilimu futhi sithinte ukunamathela; uma isikhathi sokupaka sifushane kakhulu, ukuguqulwa kokukhathala kwefilimu ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka komshini akunakubuyiselwa, futhi ukugeleza nokunamathela kwezinto zerabha nakho kuzothinteka.
2.2 Izindlela zokulawula
Izinyathelo zokulawula ezifanayo zithathwa ngokuya ngethonya lefomula ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhwalithi yerabha ekunamatheleni:
(1) Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ifomula ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, okuqukethwe kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kufanele kulawulwe ngokufanele, okungukuthi, ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza nokunamathela kwerabha, nokulawula izindleko zokukhiqiza. Lawula ngokuqinile usayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nokuqukethwe kokungcola kwe-zinc oxide, lawula izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, izinyathelo zokusebenza kanye nesikhathi sokupaka serabha ukuqinisekisa ukufana kwesulfure erabha.
(2) Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yenhlanganisela yerabha embozweni wangaphakathi, imvelaphi yerabha eluhlaza kanye nezinto ezihlanganisayo kufanele ilungiswe, futhi izinguquko zebhetshi kufanele zincishiswe; ukuphathwa kwenqubo kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amapharamitha emishini ahlangabezana nezidingo ezijwayelekile; Ukufana kokuhlakazeka kanye nokuzinza enhlanganisela yerabha; ukuxuba okuqinile, iglu, ukusebenza kwesitoreji kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi sokushisa kanye nokuqina kwenhlanganisela yerabha kuhlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi.
Uma kwenziwa ifilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi, izinto zerabha kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokulandelana; ukucwenga okushisayo kanye nokucwenga kahle kufanele kufane, inani lezikhathi zokuthena kufanele lilungiswe, futhi ummese wokusika kufanele ungene; isikhathi sokupaka ifilimu ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kufanele silawulwe zingakapheli amahora angu-1 ~ 24, ukugwema ukuthi izinto zerabha zingalulami ekukhathaleni ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokupaka.
3. Ithonya nokulawulwa kokunamathela kwephedi yerabha yomlomo wangaphakathi
Ukukhetha ivalvu yezinto ezifanele kanye nokuphatha nokuyigcina ngokwezidingo, ukugcina ifomula yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi ifanelekile kanye nekhwalithi ezinzile kuyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukunamathelana phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nevalvu, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwephedi yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nevalvu (okungukuthi, i-nozzle yerabha) i-Vulcanization) kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukunamathelana.
3.1 Izinto ezithonyayo
Ithonya le-nozzle vulcanization ekunamatheleni phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve libonakala kakhulu enanini lokugcwalisa le-compound yerabha kanye nokulawulwa kwengcindezi ye-vulcanization, izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi.
Uma umlomo werabha usuvundile, umlomo we-valve kanye nefilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi ngokuvamile kufakwa ku-mold ekhethekile ehlanganisiwe ye-nozzle yerabha. Uma inani lokugcwalisa lezinto zerabha likhulu kakhulu (okungukuthi, indawo yefilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi inkulu kakhulu noma ijiyile kakhulu), ngemva kokuba i-mold ivaliwe, izinto zerabha ezengeziwe zizogcwala i-mold ukuze zakhe unqenqema lwerabha, olungeke nje lubangele ukungcola, kodwa futhi lubangele ukuthi i-mold ingavali kahle futhi lubangele ama-rubber pads. Ayixinene futhi ithinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve; uma inani lokugcwalisa lezinto zerabha lincane kakhulu (okungukuthi, indawo yefilimu yerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi incane kakhulu noma incane kakhulu), ngemva kokuba i-mold ivaliwe, izinto zerabha azikwazi ukugcwalisa umgodi we-mold, okuzonciphisa ngqo ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve.
I-under-sulfur kanye ne-over-sulfur ye-nozzle kuzothinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve. Isikhathi se-vulcanization ngokuvamile siyipharamitha yenqubo enqunywa ngokwerabha esetshenziswa ku-nozzle, izinga lokushisa lomusi kanye nengcindezi yokubamba. Ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngokuthanda kwayo lapho amanye amapharamitha engashintshi; noma kunjalo, ingashintshwa ngokufanele lapho izinga lokushisa lomusi kanye nengcindezi yokubamba kushintsha. , ukuze kuqedwe ithonya lokushintsha kwamapharamitha.
3.2 Izindlela zokulawula
Ukuze kuqedwe ithonya lenqubo yokuhlanganisa i-nozzle ekunamatheleni phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve, inani lerabha elisetshenziswayo lokuhlanganisa i-nozzle kufanele libalwe ngokwevolumu yesikhala sesikhunta, futhi indawo kanye nobukhulu befilimu ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kufanele kulungiswe ngokwendlela esebenza ngayo irabha. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inani lokugcwalisa irabha lifanelekile.
Lawula ngokuqinile ingcindezi ye-vulcanization, izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi se-nozzle, futhi ulinganisele ukusebenza kwe-vulcanization. I-nozzle vulcanization ngokuvamile yenziwa ku-vulcanizer eyisicaba, futhi ingcindezi ye-vulcanizer plunger kumele izinzile. Ipayipi lomusi we-vulcanization kufanele lifakwe ngokushisa okufanelekile, futhi uma izimo zivuma, kufanele kufakwe ithangi lokugcina i-sub-cylinder noma i-steam elinevolumu efanele ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwengcindezi ye-steam kanye nezinga lokushisa. Uma izimo zivuma, ukusetshenziswa kokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwe-vulcanization okulinganayo kungasusa imiphumela emibi ebangelwa izinguquko kumapharamitha afana nengcindezi yokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa le-vulcanization.
4. Ithonya nokulawula ukusebenza kwenqubo kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza ekunamatheleni
Ngaphezu kwezixhumanisi ezingenhla, zonke izinguquko noma ukungafaneleki kwenqubo yokusebenza kanye nendawo ezungezile kuzoba nomthelela othile ekunamatheleni phakathi kwe-nozzle yangaphakathi ne-valve.
4.1 Izinto ezithonyayo
Ithonya lokusebenza kwenqubo ekunamatheleni phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve libonakala kakhulu emehluko phakathi kokusebenza kanye nezinga lephedi yerabha ye-valve enqubweni yokukhiqiza.
Uma ivalvu iphathwa nge-asidi, umqhubi akagqoki amagilavu njengoba kudingeka ukuze asebenze, okuzongcolisa kalula ivalvu; uma ivalvu icwiliswe ku-asidi, ukujiya akulingana noma ukulawula isikhathi akufanele. Irabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi iyaphambuka enkambisweni yokucwenga okushisayo, ukukhipha okuncane, ukucindezela ithebhulethi, ukugcina, njll., okuholela ekushintsheni kwekhwalithi yefilimu; lapho irabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi ivulcanized kanye nevalvu, isikhunta noma ivalvu iyagoba; izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa ngesikhathi se-vulcanization Kukhona iphutha ekulawuleni isikhathi. Lapho ivalvu evulcanized ivulcanized phansi nasemaphethelweni ephedi yerabha, ukujula akuhambisani, impuphu yerabha ayihlanzwa kahle, futhi i-glue paste ixutshwe ngokungalingani, njll., okuzothinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi nevalvu.
Ithonya lendawo yokukhiqiza ekunamatheleni phakathi kwerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye ne-valve libonakala kakhulu ngokuthi kukhona amabala kawoyela kanye nothuli ezingxenyeni nasezikhaleni ezithintana noma ezigcinweni ze-valve kanye nerabha/ishidi le-nozzle yangaphakathi, elizongcolisa i-valve kanye nerabha/ishidi le-nozzle yangaphakathi; Umswakama wendawo yokusebenza udlula indinganiso, okwenza i-valve kanye nerabha/ishidi le-nozzle yangaphakathi limunce umswakama futhi kuthinte ukunamathela kwe-valve kanye nerabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi.
4.2 Izindlela zokulawula
Ukuze uthole umehluko phakathi kokusebenza kwenqubo kanye nendinganiso, kufanele kwenziwe:
Uma ivalvu iphathwa nge-asidi, umqhubi kufanele agqoke amagilavu ahlanzekile ukuze asebenze ngokwemigomo; uma ivalvu icwiliswe ku-asidi, kufanele ijike ngokulinganayo; iyicwilise esixazululweni esisha se-asidi imizuzwana engu-2-3, bese yandisa isikhathi sokucwilisa ngokufanele; Ngemva kokuyikhipha oketshezini, yihlanze ngokushesha ngamanzi cishe imizuzu engama-30 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlanzwa kahle; ivalvu ngemva kokuhlanza kufanele isulwe ngethawula elihlanzekile elingasusi udoti, bese uyibeka kuhhavini ukuze yome imizuzu engama-20 kuya kwengama-30. min; ivalvu eyomile akufanele igcinwe emshinini wokomisa isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angama-36. Amapharamitha erabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kufanele agcinwe eqinile ngesikhathi sokucwengisisa okushisayo, ukukhipha okuncane, ukucindezela ithebhulethi, ukugcinwa, njll., ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okusobala; ngesikhathi se-vulcanization, isikhunta nevalvu kufanele kugcinwe kungaguquguquki, futhi izinga lokushisa le-vulcanization, ingcindezi nesikhathi kufanele kulawulwe kahle. Iphansi kanye nomphetho wephedi yerabha yevalvu kufanele kuphucwe ukujula okufanayo, impuphu yerabha kufanele ihlanzwe kahle ngophethiloli ngesikhathi sokuphucwa, futhi ukuhlushwa kanye nomkhawulo we-glue paste kufanele kulawulwe ngokunembile, ukuze irabha ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nevalvu kungathinteki ukusebenza kwenqubo. Ukunamathela komlomo.
Ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwesibili kwevalvu kanye nerabha/ishidi le-nozzle yangaphakathi, igumbi lokwelapha i-asidi yevalvu, i-oven, i-dryer, ukulungiswa kwefilimu ye-nozzle yangaphakathi kanye nomshini we-flat vulcanization kanye nebhentshi lokusebenzela kufanele kugcinwe kuhlanzekile, kungenalo uthuli namafutha; indawo ezungezile ilinganiselwe. Umswakama ulawulwa ngaphansi kuka-60%, futhi i-heater noma i-dehumidifier ingavulwa ukuze ilungiswe lapho umswakama uphezulu.
5. Isiphetho
Nakuba ukunamathelana phakathi kwevalvu nomlomo wangaphakathi kuyisixhumanisi kuphela ekukhiqizweni kwepayipi langaphakathi, indandatho inethonya elibalulekile ekusebenzeni kokuphepha kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo yepayipi langaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya izici ezithinta ukunamathelana phakathi kwevalvu nomlomo wangaphakathi, bese uthatha izixazululo eziqondiwe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi iyonke yepayipi langaphakathi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-03-2022
